What is LL-37?
LL-37 is the only member of the cathelicidin family of antimicrobial peptides in humans. It is produced by immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and epithelial cells as a first-line defense against infection. It has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, wound healing properties, and immune modulation effects. Low LL-37 levels are associated with increased infection susceptibility and inflammatory conditions.
Mechanism of Action
LL-37 disrupts bacterial cell membranes (broad-spectrum antimicrobial), activates toll-like receptors on immune cells, promotes wound healing via EGFR and FPRL1 activation, modulates inflammatory cytokine production, and has antiviral and antifungal properties.
LL-37 Dosing Protocol
Research dosing: 1–5 mg subcutaneous or topical daily. No established clinical protocol for systemic use. Topical: 0.1–1% solution for wound healing and skin conditions.
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LL-37 Benefits
Side Effect Profile
Limited systemic safety data. Topical: generally well-tolerated, occasional irritation. High systemic doses: potential pro-inflammatory effects.
LL-37 Stacking Guide
LL-37 works synergistically with these compounds. Click any to learn more, or ask PepBot to build you a complete stack.
Research & Citations
Frequently Asked Questions about LL-37
Can LL-37 help with antibiotic-resistant infections?
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